The Construction of Women in Sports within the Mass Media Essay Example for Free

The Construction of Women in Sports within the Mass Media Essay Recent studies involving the role of the mass media and gender, particularly within the realm of women’s sports has brought light upon one of the most disturbing issues in society today: the under-representation and misrepresentation of women in mass media. It can be concluded that female athletes, framed by the media as objects of sexuality, or â€Å"sports cuties,† are consistently emphasized for their sexuality instead of their athleticism. Not only does this diminish their achievements in the sports arena, but it also systematically reinforces the idea that sports are a â€Å"males-only† realm. The mass media, using magazine covers, celebrity programs and news articles, focus more on female athletes as symbolic models for female sexuality than as athletes. Constantly, female athletes are portrayed in coy scenarios involving accentuated legs and breasts, or with pouting lips and scantily clad outfits. This paper will highlight some examples of research into symbolic representation of female athletes as passive, emotionally demonstrative and vulnerable objects of the sports world, whereby athletic merit is given second seat to skin and sex. Furthermore, this paper will base itself on the greater theoretical standpoint of hegemony, citing such theorists as Louis Althusser and Antonio Gramsci. The analysis will also base itself on the work of Laura Mulvey, who presents the idea of the â€Å"Male Gaze,† whereby women are shown as sexual objects for the visual purpose of men’s enjoyment. Through this analysis of women in sports and the medias response to female athletes, it is postulated that women have been systematically moved from active participants as subjects, to a more passive role as objects. This fact reinforces a particular hegemonic, patriarchal power structure, and furthermore, reinforces the power roles of those who are responsible for such representations. To lay the foundation for the analysis, it is helpful to first consider the theoretical basis of Althusser and Gramsci. The theory of ideology and hegemony is particularly relevant for the later exposition on the portrayal of women within the cultural eye of the media. Althusser states that false truths are used to maintain power. The group with the power (in this case one could take such an example as Time Warner, the owner or Sports Illustrated for Women) defines the rules of the game. This means that the group in power creates media frames and representations of reality that further construct a worldview that is conducive for the maintenance of the present day structure. Power is given to subordinate classes (the viewers of mass media) by the ruling power (Time Warner), in a way that makes it appear that they are given concessions (â€Å"We give the audience what they are asking for. †) And yet, as Gramsci outlines, these concessions are still a means of maintaining power. The genius behind such a set up lies in the fact that the ideology is created in such a way that the both the ruling class and all other classes believe that such hierarchy of power is inherent or natural. In the case of sports, the watching public believe that women are naturally meant to be depicted as sexual objects, focusing on married life and vacation preferences, instead of the active subject such as a male athlete, where a more clearly demarcated â€Å"sports focus† is enacted. Herein lies a clear real-world metaphor for the theoretical models of Althusser and Gramsci.

Presidents :: essays research papers

With the United States economy in a state of recession from the empty promises brought forth by President George Bush, the country needed a change for the better. President Bush’s policies were not pulling through, and the American people were expecting results. Re-election was nearing for Bush and he really needed to get his act together if he wanted another term in office. Out of no where a former governor was leading the polls over Republican candidate, President George Bush. Clinton had focused a lot of his efforts towards the younger generation of 18 to 25 years. Bush was also behind because his programs created the present recession the nation was experiencing. Clinton spoke of new job opportunities and better wages, which appealed to the younger generation, because they were starting out in their lives and more jobs meant more options. Many people felt as though they were being betrayed by Bush, because of his empty "No New Taxes" policy. Another factor that swayed votes Clinton’s way, was the change in ideas of the "Reagan Democrats", who were registered Democrats which voted Republican. These voters realized that Bush was not following through with his promises and they wanted results. Families were being hurt because of unemployment and the "Reagan Democrats" needed to provide for their families. One major issue was the cultural conflict of welfare. Americans were becoming lazy and did not "need" jobs as long as they were on welfare. Bush just let this issue go, while Clinton made a plan stating that after two years of welfare, everyone capable of working would have to accept a job, or training for a job. This policy attracted voters of the working and middle class population. This policy also showed that the Democratic Party is a party of workers and doers as opposed to slackers. It says they will protect the workers of America. Because of all of these factors, Clinton has an astonishing lead over his opposing mate. This lead continues on and leads Clinton onto his election and the re-election. Clinton is a very well-liked president, as well as effective. Employment was steadily on the rise, and the inflation rate was lower than it had been in many years. Clinton was able to negotiate foreign policy, he was able to handle domestic affairs and he was liked by the people. He also looked good on camera which was another asset he had in his favor. Bill Clinton’s approval rating was very high and he was controlling the country with dignity and competence. The unthinkable then happened, he was caught having an affair with a White House intern, Monica Lewinski. This scandal plagued the White House for many months. Clinton was even put on trial, accused of perjury.

Dbq Mechanization of India and Japans Cotton Industry

Trevor Olds DBQ During the period of time from the 1880s to the 1930s, Japan and India both were beginning to mechanize their cotton industries. Both of these countries had similar recruitment techniques, but differed when it came to who the workers were and where they came from, and the working conditions they had in the mill. Documents 1, 2, and 6 all show the increased usage of machines in Japanese and Indian cotton factories.The chart in Document 1 that details the production of cotton yarn and cloth in India shows how India utilized more machines to create more yarn and cloth in 1914 than in 1884. The chart shows how machine spun yarn was surpassing the amount of hand-woven yarn, as well as how the amount of machine-made cloth is quickly catching the amount of hand-woven cloth, which shows the mechanization of India’s cotton industry. This document is reliable because it is data collected from British colonial officials who would have no benefit of altering the data in an y way.The Indian economist Radhakamal Mukerjee who wrote â€Å"The Foundation of Indian Economics† (1916) in Document 6 talks of how handloom cloth weavers cannot compete with the machines in the factories and are rapidly declining. This shows India’s step towards a more mechanized cloth industry. The document is not completely reliable because as an economist, the author may have overemphasized the decline of India’s handloom weavers to show economic growth. Comparable to India’s increased production of machine spun yarn is Japan’s outlined by the chart in document 2.Japan’s incredulous increase in machine spun yarn from five million pounds in 1884 to 666 in 1914 dwarfs India’s growth that was 151 million pounds in 1884 to only 652 in 1914. Document two may not be completely reliable because the data may have been altered to make Japan’s Industry is improving just a bit faster than India’s. Though Japan and India were s imilar in their implementation of machines in the cotton industry, Documents 7, 8, and 10 show that the workers in these factories are different.Documents 8 and 10 are pictures of an Indian and a Japanese textile mill. The photo of a Japanese cotton mill in document 8 is not reliable because it is from an official company history, that means that the company could only be showing the nicer part of the factory where the labor environment is not that bad. The same goes for the picture of an Indian textile mill in document 10. Moving on the Indian textile mill in Document 10 shows all male workers, indicating that many more men worked in Indian textile mills than women did.However, in contrast to India, the Japanese mill in Document 8 shows quite a few women with several men here and there, which indicates that Japan was different from India and had more women workers than men. The comparative chart of female workers in Japan and India in Document 7 shows that less than a quarter of In dian textile laborers were female and that over three-fourths were women in Japan, which is directly opposite in Japan and India.The chart also shows how the percentage of female workers goes down while the equivalent Japanese percentage rises slightly. This shows the difference of workers between Indian and Japanese textile mills. Document 7 is not very reliable though considering the chart was taken from a dissertation of which we have no knowledge of the author. Document 4 is a written source pertaining to the high percentage of female workers in Japanese mills. This document explains the reason for the increased number of women working in textile factories.The reason is that since the farmers are so poor the money made by their daughters is often more than the farmer’s annual income and that they virtually provide for the family. Of course, since the document is written by a Buddhist priest the document is not completely reliable, his idea would be that these girls in the factories are the families’ salvation, so he pays no attention to the negative aspects of the girls leaving home because Buddhism places individual meditation and salvation over family bonds.A useful document would be a journal entry by one of these girls talking about how they felt about being sent away to work in the textile mills and how her absence would affect the family. Even though the people that worked for the mills were of different nationalities, the systems that textile mills used in India and Japan were similar. Documents 4, 5, and 9 talk about how workers were taken from peasant families. Document 5 talks about how the â€Å"cheap† workers came from rural farming communities.In Japan, the person who leaves their family is no longer a financial load for the family, which explains why families sent workers to the mills. Document 4 basically explains the same ideas, but adds the factor of extra income that can come from the workers in Japan that supports th e family. Document 9 states that the Indian mills also sent people from rural farming communities. Most of the workers are peasants from agricultural villages and earn low wages, resembling the systems of the Japanese mills.Documents 3 and 9 show one of the most important differences between the countries: their respective working conditions. The story of the Japanese mill worker in Document 3 talks of long working hours, no heat, and little food. There are also low wages, with the possibility of no pay for the first year. When the high amount of sick people at the factory who no one will go near is added, we learn that the working conditions in the Japanese mills were terrible.This document also shows the truth because it is a personal recollection from a female worker in one of the mills. People also had to sleep together at the factory. This last fact by itself is directly contrasted by document 9 because the huts Indian workers lived in when working in the factories. Indian work ers lived in their own hut and only worked at one factory for two years, as opposed to the Japanese worker who is only likely to get paid starting their second year. This shows that the Indian workers had better living conditions than the Japanese workers.Since the Indian document is written by a commissioner and not a worker, the author could have altered the information that was presented affecting the reliability of the document because of his bias. Two extra documents that would be helpful would be an account from an Indian worker and a report from a Japanese official to provide an all-around comparison of the countries. In conclusion, the mechanization of the textile industry saw a great rise from 1880 to the 1930s in both Japan and India, who both found the majority of their workers from farming peasants to work in the mills.Japan used mainly female workers with worse working conditions than Indian workers, who were mostly male. An additional document would be a comparison of machines used in India over this time compared to those used in Japan to determine the importance of mechanization in the textile industry of the two countries comparatively to properly examine the similarities and differences of the mechanization of the cotton industry in Japan and India.

The Lgbt Court Involved Youth - 770 Words

There a number of factors that contributes to the negative experiences of the LGBT court-involved youth. The root is the lack of understanding and bias against the LGBT community. These issues seize the effectiveness of the juvenile justice system in working to assist with the LGBT youth community (Majd, Marksamer Reyes, 2009). There is a huge lack of acceptance and misconceptions about the sexual orientation and gender identities of juveniles. It is myth that youth cannot be LGBT and that they do not exist within the juvenile detention centers. There are approximately 13 percent of LGBT youth in detention facilities across the United States (Majd, Marksamer Reyes, 2009). When professionals fail to realize the existence of LGBT youth, it leaves them ill equipped to serve them and meet their needs (Majd, Marksamer Reyes, 2009). According to Majd, Marksamer Reyes (2009): Another harmful myth is that sexual orientation and gender identity are matters of personal choice and therefore can be changed. This myth is refuted by the scientific research that finds sexual orientation and gender identity are deep-seated, inherent aspects of personal identity. Attempts to change either are futile and dangerous (p. 2). It is shocking of how there is such a lack of understanding about LGBT youth. There are some professionals who don’t understand the difference between lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (Majd, Marksamer Reyes, 2009). Lesbian is a female with interest inShow MoreRelatedMy Operational Definition Of Social Justice1263 Words   |  6 Pagesdisadvantage within a society) is controversial to my social justice (LGBT Liberation) because they have a disadvantage in today s society. It s controversial because people today are afraid to come out because they re afraid of other people s reactions. Everyone in today s society depends on other people s opinions. On what s right or what s the â€Å"norm†. Many people feel this is a lifestyle choice not part of their make up. The Supreme Court ruling to allow same sex marriages is still not widely acceptsRead MoreShould Art Therapy Be Effective?1514 Words   |  7 Pagesbenefit. Art therapy ran in 1-hour sessions, and videos ran for 1 hour. The experiment will last sixty-four weeks, divided equally between the control group and experimental group. Each group shall consist of 150 Participants randomly selected from court dockets. After twelve weeks, participants will be monitored for 52 weeks to track the results of the experiment. The hypothesis in this experiment is to determine if serious violent and chronic juvenile offenders receive art therapy, will recidivateRead MoreTeaching Homosexuality And The School System1126 Words   |  5 PagesActivist are able to approach schools by repackaging the gay movement as a safety issue Stated by Kevin Jennings, Director of the Office of safe and Drug Free schools. Reform the movement by saying schools are not safe for gay and lesbian youth. Gay and lesbian youth will be subjected to bullying, name-calling, suicide and other violent problems. Making schools safe has now transitioned to the Teaching students the normalcy of homosexuality and the acceptance of Homosexuality as a culture. Instead ofRead MoreHillary Clinton : The President Of The United States878 Words   |  4 Pages November 2016 the people of the United States will vote for the next Commander in Chief and I am one of those proud Americans to vote for Hillary Clinton. Hillary was born on October 26, 1947 and throughout her life she has always been involved in politics. She was the First Lady of Arkansas and the First Lady of the United States. From 2001 to 2009 she was the United States Senator of New York and after President Obama was elected into office, she became the 67th United States Secretary of StateRead MoreSexual Minority Youth And Juvenile Justice System1920 Words   |  8 PagesIntro / Problem: Sexual Minority youth (SMY) involved with the Juvenile Justice System (JJS) have a culture that require sensitivity treatment . Many youth that identify as or question their sexuality have experience prejudice attitudes from the initial point of entry( arrest). Navigating through the JJS has been a harsh and unwarranted experience with many fearing their safety from other inmates and staff. Many staff lack the knowledge of the societal realities that SMY struggle with. In additionRead MoreLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage1504 Words   |  7 Pagessex marriage must be legalized in every state in The USA. (add essay map) SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN THE US According to the National Conderence of State Legislatures, same-sex marriage law was first brought up for discussion in 1993. The Hawaii Supreme Court was the one who ruled out the laws denying same-sex couples the right to marry and this violates the state of Hawaii constitutional equal protection rights (Article I, Section 5) against gender discrimination. 32 states (including Hawaii) adopted statutoryRead MoreReverse Discrimination Essay879 Words   |  4 Pagesof the LGBT community, or are students of color. Ames High School is taking on these challenges by setting a series of rules for those who wish to apply to the â€Å"Ambassadors of the World† program, that is bring 20 students to Cuba, 5 of which will have their ticket paid for by the other 15 students. To qualify for that part of the program, the applicant must illustrate good academic performance; contribute to the community; and preferably be a student with a disability, member of the LGBT communityRead MoreThe Stonewall Act Of Stonewall1193 Words   |  5 PagesLesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender plus (LGBT+) community and the rest of the country. Due to this discrimination, many LGBT+ members felt like their rights were being violated by the government. On June 28, 1969 at the Stonewall Inn in Manhattan, New York City, the community decided to fight back for their rights. They used violence and crude words to get the point across that they would not put up with this any longer. The Stonewall riot involved a police raid, a massive uproar of the civiliansRead MoreCultural Diversity : Critical Issues Amongst The Lgbt Community2538 Words   |  11 Pages Cultural Diversity: Critical Issues amongst the LGBT community Janice T Le University of Texas Amongst the many issues faced in the LGBT community, three critical concerns include oppression and discrimination, homelessness in youths and martial rights. Homosexuality continues to hold immense stigma in society due to the threat of conventional masculine ideology, negative beliefs rooted in cultural institutions, and religious fundamentalism, which do not condone homosexualityRead MoreThe Issue Of Same Sex Marriage1434 Words   |  6 Pagesparent. Let’s consider some of the facts pertaining to this issue on same sex marriage. A variety of studies have been done over decade’s time and it has come to show this issue is ongoing. After a long battle between many states and the Supreme Court, same sex marriage became legal in all 50 states on Junes 26th, 2015. To date, there are nearly 600,000 legal gay couples, and the number is steadily growing. The ruling that was decided in a 5-4 session puts it along most of the top in history (Roe

Georgia Southern University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Georgia Southern University is a public research university with an acceptance rate of 68%. Located in Statesboro, Georgia, Georgia Southerns undergraduate students can choose from 67 degree programs across Georgia Southerns seven colleges. Among undergraduates, business fields are the most popular. The university has a 21-to-1  student/faculty ratio. The school has more than 300 campus organizations including an active fraternity and sorority system. In athletics, the Georgia Southern Eagles compete in the NCAA Division I  Sun Belt Conference. The football team has won six national championship titles. Considering applying to Georgia Southern University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Georgia Southern University had an acceptance rate of 68%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 68 students were admitted, making GSUs admissions process somewhat competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 11,522 Percent Admitted 68% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 56% SAT Scores and Requirements Georgia Southern University requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 73% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 540 610 Math 520 590 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Georgia Southerns admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to GSU scored between 540 and 610, while 25% scored below 540 and 25% scored above 610. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 520 and 590, while 25% scored below 520 and 25% scored above 590. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1200 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Georgia Southern University. Requirements Georgia Southern University does not require the SAT writing section. Note that GSU participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. ACT Scores and Requirements GSU requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 44% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 20 25 Math 19 25 Composite 21 25 This admissions data tells us that most of GSUs admitted students fall within the top 42% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Georgia Southern received a composite ACT score between 21 and 25, while 25% scored above 25 and 25% scored below 21. Requirements Georgia Southern does not require the ACT writing section. Unlike many universities, GSU superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. GPA In 2018, the average GPA of Georgia Southern Universitys incoming freshmen class was 3.36. This data suggests that most successful applicants to GSU have primarily B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Georgia Southern University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Georgia Southern University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Georgia Southern University, which accepts just over two-thirds of applicants, has a somewhat selective admissions process. If your SAT/ACT scores and GPA fall within the schools required minimums, you have a strong chance of being accepted. While Georgia Southern does not require a personal statement or essay, the university wants to see that you have completed a rigorous college preparatory curriculum in high school. At a minimum, you should have an average GPA of 2.5 or above in required coursework including: four years of English, math, and science; three years of social science; and two years of a single foreign language. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. Most had SAT scores of 1000 or higher, ACT composite scores of 20 or higher, and high school averages ranging from A to C. Keep in mind, however, that the university is selective and a significant number of successful applicants have average GPAs in the A range. If You Like Georgia Southern University, You May Also Like These Schools University of GeorgiaEmory UniversityGeorgia State UniversitySpelman CollegeGeorgia Institute of TechnologyFlorida State UniversityAuburn University All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Georgia Southern University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Interpersonal Improvement - 664 Words

M1A3 Goals Identification and Reality Assessment Worksheet 1. Describe a goal for interpersonal improvement in your personal life. Be sure to explain the following: * What aspects of your own interpersonal communication skills would you like to improve? * How far are you from attaining this goal? * Do you think this goal is set too high or too low? Why, or why not? * How long will it take me to attain this goal? * If the goal will take a long time to attain, could you set smaller goals that you could attain while still working toward your bigger goal? * How will you benefit from successfully attaining your goal? My personal goal is to be able to communicate my feelings more often. I think it will take†¦show more content†¦This goal is two parts, studying more is not set too high or too low because assignments are consistent and it is my responsibility to keep on top of them. As for graduating, this one is long term but I feel it is an important academic goal to me because it keeps my eye on the prize. I will benefit from this goal because if I study more that leads to good grades, then I can graduate and take my knowledge from school and apply it to my career and my life. 3. Describe a goal for interpersonal improvement in your professional life. Be sure to explain the following: * In your career, what areas of your interpersonal communication could you improve? * How far are you from attaining this goal? * Do you think this goal is set too high or too low? Why, or why not? * How long will it take me to attain this goal? * If the goal will take a long time to attain, could you set smaller goals that you could attain while still working toward your bigger goal? * How will you benefit from successfully attaining your goal? My professional goal is to try to take on more responsibilities at my job. This goal will take about six months to a year, because moving up in a company takes some time. I think this goal is set in the middle because I want to be sure I learn all the material needed to move forward. A smaller goal I could give myself is to learn a section each week and test myself on it. I willShow MoreRelatedBsbhrm405A1961 Words   |  8 Pagesin good order to meet foreseeable demands as per production plan. Maintain a stock control system ensuring appropriate turnover of stacked stock. Monitor production efficiencies in line with operational KPIs and to promote a continuous improvement environment to the team. In conjunction with the Marketing Consultant, ensure that delivery dates promised are kept. Maintain an efficient machine layout and handling system. Keep machine down time to a minimum and keep control of overheadRead MoreEssay about BSBMGT502B Manage People Performance3832 Words   |  16 Pagesevaluations are necessary for many reasons. - They provide valuable feedback from both parties - They recognize future development needs - They give an understanding of how the employee is doing and how well they think they are doing - They outline improvement that may be needed - They determine whether the requirements of the job match the original job description - They determine whether the tasks are achievable or whether theyre too simple - They can also bring up issues in operations that mayRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Skill Of Feedback983 Words   |  4 PagesThe interpersonal communication skill of feedback is essential for hospital nurses to give a suitable care to each patient because it enables the nurses to learn, and improve their motivation, performance and efficiency that assist to achieve their goal which is to help the patients heal. The interpersonal communication skill of feedback is a system of conveying information between two people regarding the receiver’s performance (Baker et al. 2013). In general, feedback is employed to deliver informationRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Is Fundamental For The Growth Of An Organization1735 Words   |  7 PagesMany studies show that interpersonal communication is fundamental for the growth of an organization. Its success can be determined by the method in which employees form relationships, interact, and share communication. Therefore, many o rganizations are refocusing their employee structure models by moving away from the traditional idea of leadership and introducing team-based work groups. Members of these work groups are often selected based upon their experience, expertise, and ability to contributeRead MoreCommunication Is The Process Of Acting On Information872 Words   |  4 Pagesand values, the more consistent we will be in our interpersonal and supervisory relationships† (Forkosh, 2009). The lectures and seminars gives the desire to understand my intrapersonal self. The first few components of the two-part essay awoken the desire for self-improvement. I became transparent to areas that need interpersonal communication. The last section of the essay concludes my journey towards positive communication improvement towards others. I conclude that the essay helps inRead MoreThe Importance Of Interpersonal Communication Through The Implementation Of Listening, Feedback And Questioning Skills1270 Words   |  6 Pagesthe benefits of interpersonal communication through the implementation of listening, feedback and questioning skills. This report additionally addresses recommendations in regard to the effectiveness of interpersonal communication skills being employed as an Events Coordinator. This report was authorized by the Professional Conference Organisers (PCO) representing the interests of event coordinators, managers and planners Australia wide. 1.2 Scope and Methodology The interpersonal communication skillsRead MoreIntrapersonal Communication And Self Concept, Perception And Expectation Of Oneself1094 Words   |  5 Pagesone think of his/herself in order to successfully communicate with others. In other hand, interpersonal communication is a distinction form of human communication for the purpose of managing relationships (Beebe et al, 4). Three aspects of intrapersonal communication are self-concept, perception and expectation of oneself. In this paper I will identify how my intrapersonal relationship impacts my interpersonal relationship by giving example from my interactions with others using the three aspect listedRead MoreI Am About Hamilton : An American Musical And Its Impact On Society1283 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, with the help of my teacher, support and praise of fellow students, and my own hard work, I have made several improvements since the beginning of the semester such as verbal delivery, eye contact, and interpersonal communi cation skills. Verbal delivery was a skill I was hoping to improve on at the beginning of the semester as I mentioned in my Communication Improvement Paper (CIP). When it came to speeches, I practiced many times to make sure what I was saying made sense and it conveyedRead MoreForgiveness And Its Consequences And Implications1416 Words   |  6 Pageslife due to the consequences and implications. Forgiveness means forgoing any thought, feelings that causes great and irreparable harm or damage, and engaging in constructive responses following an interpersonal offense (Romero, 2008). Forgiveness entails both intrapersonal and interpersonal elements (McCullough, Pargament, Thoresen, 2000). In terms of intrapersonal, forgiveness entails making an ongoing, conscious choice to forgo destructive thoughts, feelings and behaviors such as avoidanceRead MoreImportance of Interpersonal Communication Skills in Healthcare Professions1558 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of Interpersonal Communication sills in Healthcare Professions Interpersonal communication is a fundamental element to any healthcare interaction. First, second and third person communication skills are primary aspects of an interaction, encompassing both verbal and non-verbal communication skills. It will be argued that rapport building and questioning are vital interpersonal skills in a healthcare context and possessing the ability to ensue a positive relationship between a healthcare

Debentures free essay sample

DEBENTURES I. Sale/Transfer of Shares/Bonds/Debentures by NRIs to Residents In order to facilitate quick transfer of shares/bonds/debentures held by NRIs to residents, Reserve Bank has granted general exemptions for sale/transfer of shares/bonds/debentures through stock exchanges in India subject to fulfillment of certain conditions. Applications for sale/transfer of shares/bonds/debentures held by NRIs/OCBs by private arrangement i. e. ther than through stock exchange should be made to Reserve Bank in TS 1 either by the transferor or the transferee, attaching therewith the letter of consent of the other party irrespective of whether the shares/bonds/debentures are listed on a stock exchange or not. While conveying its approval, Reserve Bank will stipulate the conditions subject to which the sale/transfer should be effected. In case of sale/transfer of shares/bonds/debentures acquired on repatriation basis, repatriation of such proceeds of bulk holding (i. . shares/bonds/debentures exceeding Rupee one lakh in face value or 5% of the company’s paidnup capital whichever is lower) will be permittted only on production of a certificate from a Chartered Accountant or the concerned company’s secretary stating that shares with necessary transfer form duly signed have been received/lodged with the company for registration in favour of the transferee. II. Sale/Transfer of Shares/Bonds/ Debentures of Indian companies through a Stock Exchange acquired without repatriation benefit. Reserve Bank has exempted the transfer of shares, bonds or debentures of Indian companies made by NRIs through stock exchange in India in case where (a) such transfers are made in favour of an Indian citizen or person of Indian origin resident in India or in favour of a company or other body corporate incorporated in India and (b) sale proceeds of shares are credited to the NRO account of the transferor with no right of repatriation outside India. In such cases, authorised dealers may credit the sale proceeds to the seller’s NRO account after verifying the contract notes issued by recognised stock exchange brokers through whom the sale was effected. This exemption is available in respect of shares, bonds, or debentures acquired by NRIs under the Portfolio Investment Scheme as well as under any Direct Investment Scheme. ii) For sale/transfer of shares, bonds or debentures by OCBs acquired on non-repatriation basis through a stock exchange in India, a consolidated application giving full particulars may be submitted to the concerned office of Reserve Bank. Permission will be granted by Reserve Bank for a specific period subject to renewal. III. Sale/Transfer of shares/Bonds/ Debentures of Indian companies through a Stock Exchange acquired without repatriation benefits under the Portfolio Investment Scheme. Reserve Bank exempted transfer of shares, bonds, or debentures of Indian companies registered in India previously acquired by NRIs/OCBs with repatriation benefits under the Portfolio Investment Scheme to person residents in India or persons of Indian origin resident in India or in favour of companies or bodies corporate, incorporated under any lay in force in India on the following conditions: (a)The transferor had purchased such shares, bonds or debentures from the stock market through a member of a recognised stock exchange in India and delivery of shares, bonds, or debentures so purchased has been taken by him or on his behalf by the concerned authorised dealers or its nominee. (b) The shares, bonds or debentures are sold in the stock market through member of a recognised stock exchange in India and sale transaction is effected at the ruling market price as determined on the floor of the stock exchange by normal bid and offer method and through the same designated branch of the au thorised dealer through which the shares, bonds or debentures were earlier purchased. (c) The sale proceeds are paid to the said designated branch. Consequently, it is not necessary for NRIs/OCBs to obtain Reserve Banks’ permission for sale of shares/bonds/debentures effected in the above manner. As regards the repatriation of sale proceeds received by the designated branches, Reserve Bank, will while granting approval for purchase of shares/bonds/debentures, also grant approval for repatriation of the sale proceeds if and when the shares/bonds/debentures are sold in the above manner. The actual repatriation of the same proceeds or credit thereof to the NRE/FCNR account of the beneficiary will be subject to payment of Indian taxes. IV. Sale/transfer of shares/bonds/debentures acquired by NRIs/OCBs with repatriation benefit under the Direct Investment Scheme Sale/transfer of shares/bonds/debentures acquired by NRIs/OCBs with repatriation benefit under the Direct Investment Scheme and sold through the Stock Exchange in India will require permission of Reserve Bank. Applications for necessary permission should be made by NRIs/OCBs to the Central Office of Reserve Bank in Form TS 4 through the designated bank branch of an authorised dealer. In such cases, permission for sale/transfer of shares/bonds/debentures acquired with the right of repatriation will be granted by Reserve Bank to the branch designated by the seller to the authorised dealer, as the case may be, who may sell the holdings at the ruling market price, through a stock exchange at any time within the validity of the permission. While granting permission for sale/transfer, Reserve Bank will also authorise the designated branch/authorised dealer to credit the sale proceeds to the NRE or FCNR account of the seller or to remit them abroad subject to payment of taxes on capital gain if any. Where the amount of capital gains taxed is not immediately determinable, the designated branch/authorised dealer may allow repatriation of sale proceeds or credit thereof to he sellers NRS/FCNR account to the extent of the original cost of investment immediately on realisation of the sale proceeds. The excess amount, if any representing capital gain should be kept by the designated branch/authorised dealer in a separate NRO account of the seller or in a suspense account. The designated branch/authorised dealer may allow withdrawal of this amount for credit to the NRE/FCNR account of the seller or remit it abroad, on production of necessary tax clearance certificate. V. Transfer of Rupee Securities by Non-residents as Gift Reserve Bank has also exempted transfer, by way of gift, of any share, bond or debentures of company registered in India made by a non-resident Indian or person of Indian origin to a citizen of India or a person of Indian origin resident in India provided: (a) such shares, bond or debenture was held by the transferor with the permission of the Reserve Bank, and (b) such transfer is between relatives as defined in Section 6 of the Companies Act, 1956 Consequently, it is not necessary for NRIs to obtain Reserve Banks’ permission for transfer of shares/bonds/debentures effected in the above manner VI. Transfer of Rupee Securities to Non-residents as Gifts Transfer of rupees shares/securities by residents to non-residents by way of gift requires prior approval of Reserve Bank. Applications for such transfers should be made to the concerned office of Reserve Bank and should, inter alia, containing the following information: (a) Name, address and permanent place of residence of both the transferor and the transferee. (b) Relationship between the transfer or and the transferee. Reason for making the gift VII. Sale/Transfer of Government Securities/Units NRIs/OCBs may freely sell/transfer Government securities through a Stock Exchange in India, provided the sale/transfer of such securities is arranged through an authorised dealer. Similarly NRIs/OCBs holding units of UTI may freely tender them for repurchase by the Trust. A debenture is an unsecured loan you offer to a company. The company does not give any collateral for the debenture, but pays a higher rate of interest to its creditors. In case of bankruptcy or financial difficulties, the debenture holders are paid later than bondholders. Debentures are different from stocks and bonds, although all three are types of investment. Below are descriptions of the different types of investment options for small investors and entrepreneurs. Debentures and Shares When you buy shares, you become one of the owners of the company. Your fortunes rise and fall with that of the company. If the stocks of the company soar in value, your investment pays off high dividends, but if the shares decrease in value, the investments are low paying. The higher the risk you take, the higher the rewards you get. Debentures are more secure than shares, in the sense that you are guaranteed payments with high interest rates. The company pays you interest on the money you lend it until the maturity period, after which, whatever you invested in the company is paid back to you. The interest is the profit you make from debentures. While shares are for those who like to take risks for the sake of high returns, debentures are for people who want a safe and secure income. A Debenture is a long-term Debt Instrument, which is not backed by Collaterals. Debentures are unsecured debt backed by the creditworthiness and reputation of the Debenture issuer and documented by an agreement called an indenture. It is issued usually by large, financially strong companies with excellent bond ratings. One example of debenture is an unsecured bond. A Debenture is a long-term Debt Instrument issued by governments and big institutions for the purpose of raising funds. The Debenture has some similarities with Bonds but the terms and conditions of securitization of Debentures are different from that of a Bond. A Debenture is regarded as an unsecuredinvestment because there are no pledges (guarantee) or liens available on particular assets. Nonetheless, a Debenture is backed by all the assetswhich have not been pledged otherwise. Normally, Debentures are referred to as freely negotiable Debt Instruments. The Debenture holder functions as a lender to the issuer of the Debenture. In return, a specific rate of interest is paid to the Debenture holder by the Debenture issuer similar to the case of a loan. In practice, the differentiation between a Debenture and a Bond is not observed every time. In some cases, Bonds are also termed as Debentures and vice-versa. If a bankruptcy occurs, Debenture holders are treated as general creditors. The Debenture issuer has a substantial advantage from issuing a Debenture because the particular assets are kept without any encumbrances so that the option is open for issuing them in future forfinancing purposes. Collaterals: Collaterals are assets or properties which are provided to secure a loan or any other type of credit. If there is a default, Collateral is a subject of seizure. Collateral is a type of security provided to the lender if there is a default on behalf of the borrower in repayment of loan. For instance, if a person takes a mortgage loan, the Collateral would be his house. Debentures are categorized into the following types: †¢Convertible Debentures: This is a debenture which can be converted into some other type of securities (for example stocks). †¢Corporate Debentures: Corporate Debentures are Debentures issued by companies and they are insecure in nature. Bank Debentures: This type of Debentures is issued by banks. †¢Government Debentures: These include Treasury bond (T-Bond) and Treasury bill (T-Bill) issued by the government. They are usually regarded as risk-free investments. †¢Subordinated Debentures: This is a particular type of Debenture, which r anks below regular Debentures, senior debt, and in some instances below specific general creditors. †¢Corporation Debentures: Corporation Debentures are issued by various corporations. †¢Exchangeable Debentures: They are like Convertible Debentures, but this Debenture can only be converted to the common stock of a subsidiary company or affiliated company of the Debenture issuer. There are some other types of Debentures such as Senior Debentures, Secured Debentures, Exchange Debentures, Secured Convertible Debentures, Convertible Senior Debentures, Unsecured Convertible Debentures, Subordinated Convertible Debentures, Senior Secured Convertible Debentures, Junior Subordinated Debentures, Senior Subordinated Debentures, and Senior Secured Debentures etc. Bonds And Debentures In India A Bond is a loan given by the buyer to the issuer of the instrument. Bonds can be issued by companies, financial institutions, or even the government. Over and above the scheduled interest payments as and when applicable, the holder of a bond is entitled to receive the par value of the instrument at the specified maturity date. Bonds can be broadly classified into a. Tax-Saving Bonds . Regular Income Bonds Tax-Saving Bonds offer tax exemption up to a specified amount of investment. Examples are: a. ICICI Infrastructure Bonds under Section 88 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 b. NABARD/ NHAI/REC Bonds under Section 54EC of the Income Tax Act, 1961 c. RBI Tax Relief Bonds Regular-Income Bonds, as the name suggests, are meant to provide a stable source of income at regular, pre-determined intervals. Examples are: a. Double Your Money Bond b. Step-Up Interest Bond c. Retirement Bond d. Encash Bond e. Education Bonds f. Money Multiplier Bonds/Deep Discount Bond Similar instruments issued by companies are called debentures. Features: Bonds are usually not suitable for an increase in your investment. However, in the rare situation where an investor buys bonds at a lower price just before a decline in interest rates, the resultant drop in rates leads to an increase in the price of the bond, thereby facilitating an increase in your investment. This is called capital appreciation. †¢Bonds are suitable for regular income purposes. Depending on the type of bond, an investor may receive interest semi-annually or even monthly, as is the case with monthly-income bonds. Depe nding on ones capacity to bear risk, one can opt for bonds issued by top-ranking corporates, or that of companies with lower credit ratings. Usually, bonds of top-rated corporates provide lower yield as compared to those issued by companies that are lower in the ratings. †¢In times of falling inflation, the real rate of return remains high, but bonds do not offer any protection if prices are rising. This is because they offer a pre-determined rate of interest. †¢One can borrow against bonds by pledging the same with a bank. However, borrowings depend on the credit rating of the instrument. For instance, it is easier to borrow against government bonds than against bonds issued by a company with a low credit rating. †¢There are specific tax saving bonds in the market that offer various concessions and tax-breaks. Tax-free bonds offer tax relief under Section 88 of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Interest income from bonds, upto a limit of Rs 9,000, is exempt under section 80L of the Income tax Act, plus Rs 3,000 exclusively for interest from government securities. However, if you sell bonds in the secondary market, any capital appreciation is subject to the Capital Gains Tax. †¢bonds are rated by specialised credit rating agencies. Credit rating agencies include CARE, CRISIL, ICRA and Fitch. An AAA rating indicates highest level of safety while D or FD indicates the least. The yield on a bond varies inversely with its credit (safety) rating. As mentioned earlier, the safer the instrument, the lower is the rate of interest offered. Assurance In Bonds: This depends on the nature of the bonds that have been purchased by the investor. Bonds may be secured or unsecured. Firstly, always check up the credit rating of the issuing company. Not only does this give you a working knowledge of the companys financial health, it also gives you an idea about the risk considerations of the instrument itself. This knowledge makes for a better understanding of the available choices, and helps you take informed decisions. In secured instruments, you have a right to the assets of the firm in case of default in payment. The principal depends on the companys credit rating and the financial strength. Selling in the secondary market has its own pitfalls. First, there is the liquidity problem which means that it is a tough job to find a buyer. Second even if you find a buyer, the prices may be at a steep discount to its intrinsic value. Third, you are subject to market forces and, hence, market risk. If interest rates are running high, bond prices will be down and you may well end up incurring losses. On the other hand, Debentures are always secured. Interest payments depend on the health and credit rating of the issuer. Therefore, it is crucial to check the credit rating and financial health of the issuer before loosening up your purse strings. If you do invest in bonds issued by the top-rated corporates, rest assured that you will receive your payments on time. Risks In Bonds: In certain cases, the issuer has a call option mentioned in the prospectus. This means that after a certain period, the issuer has the option of redeeming the bonds before their maturity. In that case, while you will receive your principal and the interest accrued till that date, you might lose out on the interest that would have accrued on your sum in the future had the bond not been redeemed. Inflation and interest rate fluctuation affect buy, hold, and sell decisions in case of Bonds. Always remember that if interest rates go up, bond prices go down and vice-versa. Buying, Selling, And Holding Of Bonds: Investors can subscribe to primary issues of Corporates and Financial Institutions (FIs). It is common practice for FIs and corporates to raise funds for asset financing or capital expenditure through primary bond issues. Some bonds are also available in the secondary market. The minimum investment for bonds can either be Rs 5,000 or Rs 10,000. However, this amount varies from issue to issue. There is no prescribed upper limit to your investment-you can invest as little or as much as you desire, depending upon your risk perception. Bonds offer a fixed rate of interest. The duration of a bond issue usually varies between 5 and 7 years. Liquidity Of A Bond: Selling in the debt market is an obvious option. Some issues also offer what is known as Put and Call option. Under the Put option, the investor has the option to approach the issuing entity after a specified period (say, three years), and sell back the bond to the issuer. In the Call option, the company has the right to recall its debt obligation after a particular time frame. For instance, a company issues a bond at an interest rate of 12 per cent. After 2 years, it finds it can raise the same amount at 10 per cent. The company can now exercise the Call option and recall its debt obligation provided it has declared so in the offer document. Similarly, an investor can exercise his Put option if interest rates have moved up and there are better options available in the market. Market Value Of A Bond: Market value of a bond depends on a host of factors such as its yield at maturity, prevailing interest rates, and rating of the issuing entity. Price of a bondwill fall if interest rates rise and vice-versa. A change in the credit rating of the issuer can lead to a change in the market price. Mode Of Holding Bonds: Bonds are most commonly held in form of physical certificates. Of late, some bond issues provide the option of holding the instrument in demat form; interest payment may also be automatically credited to your bank account.